AP Modern European History 16th Century Review

Political	Popular forms of govt., theory of govt., prominent leaders / govt. action (including wars)	Body Politic + Great Chain of Being Civic Humanism - Alberti, Castiglione, Machiavelli - Florentine Republic - Medici / Savonarola Fall of Constantinople in 1453 Wars of Italy (1494-1529) / Peace of Lodi “New Monarchs” assert power over national churches. Tudors, Ivan III/ IV, Jagiollon, Romanov dynasty, Hapsburgs, Bourbons Reconquista / Spanish Inquisition Balance of power / collective security Peace of Augsburg Unification of France (15^th Century) and French Wars of Religion (Edict of Nantes) Spanish Armada 1588 Netherlands revolt (12 Years Truce) Time of Troubles
Economic	Economic development including technology / innovations, production and consumption patterns	Population decline linked to increased marginal production – higher living standards 1500-1650 Price Revolution - prices increased 5 to 6 times, manufactured goods 2 to 3 times - Towns and land lords lost purchasing power - Peasant farmers experienced increased purchasing power - New social classes Enclosures led to increased production and Peasant rebellion - Ket’s Rebellion, Twelve Articles of the Peasants of Swabia Printing press (1455) Exploration: Motivation, impacts – Mundus Novus
Religious	Role of religion in society, how religion impacted other themes	Christian Humanism: emphasis on early church writings for answers to improve society - Erasmus / More Sola Scriptura Lutheranism, Zwingli, Calvinism, Anglicanism, Presbyterianism, Huguenots New Piety: Thomas a Kempis, new religious orders, Council of Trent Compare and contrast Doctrine Protestantism and the idea of progress
Intellectual	Scientific, philosophical movements, includes art	Renaissance = re-birth of classical culture + the birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness Humanism: reaction to an intellectual world that was centered on the church doctrine (contrast to scholasticism) - Secular outlook, NOT NECESSARILY anti-religious - Emphasis on human achievement - Petarch, Valla, Bruni, Alberti Renaissance Art (contrast gothic and ren. art) - Architecture: Brunelleschi, - Sculpture: Donatello, - Painting: Massaccio, Della Francesca, Botticelli, da Vinci, Michelangelo
Societal	Class structure, living conditions, women's role	Social dislocation due to Price Revolution Basic assumption: inequality, hierarchy and stratification - Status conferred privilege and responsibiliey (image linked to power / authority) Classes: - Nobles, Town elite / gentry, New Rich, New Poor, Peasants Family: Linage, Nuclear, Status, Social Status (Economic Unit) - Weddings public rite of passage (exchange of land rights) Preliterate society, highly superstitious Social Disorders: Skimmingtons / Charivari / Witchcraft craze

Focus Questions:

1. Describe the impact of Humanism on the 16^th century society in terms of religion, government and cultural life of everyday people.
2. How did the lives of men and women differ in the 16^th Century family, from childhood to adulthood?
3. What economic changes occurred in the 15^th Century and how did they lead to the development of Renaissance society?
4. Identify and explain humanist qualities in all three mediums of Renaissance Art.
5. What impact did the explorations of the 16^th Century have upon the development of European life and culture?
6. Compare the rise of the nation state in England, France and Spain.
7. Why did Luther succeed where Huss and Wycliffe failed?
8. How did the Protestant Reformation impact the life of women?
9. Compare and contrast the “first” and “second” generation of reformers in the Protestant Reformation.
10. Discuss the nature and function of the Body Politic in 16^th Century Europe. What roles did contemporaries assign to peasants, artisans, clergymen, and nobles in this image of society?
11. Discuss the social and political consequences of the Price Revolution.