AP Modern European History 17th Century Review

Political	Popular forms of govt., theory of govt., prominent leaders / govt. action (including wars)	30 Years War: Bohemian Revolt, Peace of Westphalia Cardinal Richelieu, represented the rise of the nation over the control of religion Wars of Commerce - balance of power, partitioning of the Spanish empire and decline of the Dutch Trend is the centralization of Govt. powers (began in Plague, new monarchs, exploration…) Theory of the Monarchy – Divine Right / Moral Authority - “Public Display”, “Mystery of the State”, “Reason of the State”, Law - Tension between King and Nobles directed the development of the monarchy - French Absolutism v. Absolutism in the East - English Revolution = Constitutionalism Theory of Resistance (began in French Wars of Religion 16^th Century) - Mornay, Mariana, Milton - Examples of resistance: Catalonian Rebellion, Fronde, English Civil War English Civil War - Stuart Kings, Laud, Cromwell (NMA) and Glorious Rev. - Declaration of Rights (ensured Parliamentary meetings) and Toleration Act (religious freedom) 1689 Prussia: Fredrick William and centralization of govt. Russia: Peter the Great (westernization of Russia) Hobbes, Locke
Economic	Economic development including technology / innovations, production and consumption patterns	Commercial Revolution: development of new patterns of trade, colonization and commodities which increased material luxuries for all of Europe, new banking insitutions - Precious Metal Trade - Spice Trade - New Commodities Mercantilist theory (Mercantilism and Colbert) Joint Stock Companies Plantation System Dutch Economic Miracle
Religious	Role of religion in society, how religion impacted other themes	Religious Wars led to the decline of influence over govt. Scientific Rev. served to provide new sources of knowledge that challenged the Aristotelian logic of the church
Intellectual	Scientific, philosophical movements, includes art	Scientific Revolution: Materialistic / Mathematical Scientific Revolution = social organizations + scientific understanding - Academies v. Universities - Patronage - Adepts v. Philosophers - Aristotelian Philosophy, Neo-Platonism, Mystical / alchemy Nicholas Copernicus, Tyhco Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, Andreas Vesalius, William Harvey, Descartes, Newton - Cartesian Skepticism v. Newtonian Absolutism Shakespeare
Societal	Class structure, living conditions, women's role	Scientific Revolution = social organizations + scientific understanding New Commodities resulted in a rise in consumerism throughout Western Europe Baroque Art

Focus Questions:

1. How did the developments of the 16^th Century impact the course of the 17^th Century?
2. What were the developmental consequences of the Thirty Years War for Europe>
3. While the Thirty Years’ War began primarily for religious reasons, it ended up being fought for political reasons. Identify the point of transition and explain the significance of the transition from religious to political motivations with regards to the development of Europe.
4. Identify and explain how were art, literature, architecture and political theory used to support the centralization of govt. power?
5. Discuss the Scientific Revolution’s impact upon religious belief. To what extent were religion and science antagonistic in the 16^th and 17^th Centuries? To what extent were they intertwined?
6. Discuss the development of notion of “balance of power” in the 17^th Century. What nations help create this system and what impact did it have upon the development of Europe.
7. What factors led the Dutch to become the leading commercial nation in the 17^th Century and early 18^th Century and how did England replace them?